热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中海龟的兼捕与保护

doi:10.12024/jsou.20200102909

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摘要:

海龟处于海洋生态结构的顶端，对海洋生态系统的多样性和稳定性起到了重要的调控作用。根据2009—2019年科学观察员对热带大西洋公海海域（15°S～15°N， 15°W～45°W）金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的调查数据，分析海龟兼捕现象。结果发现：共误捕到蠵龟（Caretta caretta）、大西洋丽龟（Lepidochelys kempii）和棱皮龟（Dermochelys coriacea）等3种累计108只，其中死亡32只。年兼捕率范围为0.001 6~0.069 3只/千钩，直接咬钩和被支绳缠绕是兼捕的主要方式；兼捕时间上存在一定季节性差异，高兼捕率（bycatch per unit effort，BPUE）发生在10月到翌年5月；赤道以北兼捕率年际间出现波动，但总体变化幅度不大，赤道以南兼捕率年际差异较大，2009—2013年间未发现海龟兼捕，但自2013年后南纬BPUE增长趋势明显，于2015年达到最大值，随后BPUE逐渐降低，2019年到达最小值；海龟兼捕易受到月相强度的影响，往往在满月或接近满月的环境下兼捕现象明显增多；某些特定温度区间会出现不同种类海龟的兼捕，棱皮龟在水温24~26 ℃时兼捕更易发生，丽龟兼捕则在26~27 ℃间更为集中。此外，还探究了近年来中国船队海龟兼捕存活率提高的原因，建议今后为有效降低热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中海龟兼捕，应根据作业海域、目标鱼种和环境因子的不同适时调整相关养护对策。

关键词:海龟;兼捕;金枪鱼延绳钓;热带大西洋;保护对策

Abstract:

Sea turtles are at the top of the marine ecosystem and have been regulating the diversity and stability of marine ecosystems. Based on the data by scientific observer surveys in high seas of the tropical Atlantic Ocean (15°S-15°N, 15°W-45°W) by the pelagic tuna longline fishery targeting bigeye tuna from 2009 to 2019, the total 108 sea turtles were observed and analyzed.The result showed that incidental sea turtles were classified as 3 species, namely loggerhead (Caretta caretta), olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). There were 32 sea turtles of mortality after capture. The annual catch rate ranged from 0.001 6 per thousand hooks to 0.069 3 per thousand hooks. And the interactions between fishing gear and sea turtles showed that most sea turtles bycatch in longline are caused by hooked mouth and branch line entanglement.Seasonal differences were found in sea turtles bycatch,and BPUE(bycatch per unit effort)occurred mainly from October to May in next year. BPUE in the north of the equator exhibited interannual variations, but the overall extents were not large. However,in the south of the equator,BPUE varied greatly, even in some years there were no bycatch reports,especially from 2009 to 2013. However, since 2013, the growth trend of BPUE in southern area appeared obviously, and the maximum value occurred in 2015, then southern BPUE gradually decreased to the minimum value in 2019.There was a great difference in BPUE between the bright moonlight and moonless night, especially at full moon or near full moon, the BPUE increased significantly. Different species of bycatch sea turtles occurred in a certain temperature range. Leatherback turtles were more often caught when the water temperature ranged from 24 to 26℃, while olive ridley turtles were easier incidentally caught between 26 and 27℃. In addition, this research explored the factors affecting the increase of sea turtles bycatch survival rates about Chinese longline fleet in recent years, and suggestion was also made to adjust the management plan of sea turtles bycatch mitigation in high seas of the tropical Atlantic Ocean in real time according to the difference of fishery area, target species and environmental conditions.

Key words:sea turtles;bycatch;tuna longline;tropical Atlantic Ocean;protection measures

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