In this study， we setted 12 sampling sites to explore the characteristics of plankton functional groups and its relation to enviromental factors in Bosten Lake. The main physical and chemical factors of water quality were analyzed， and the community structure of plankton in Bosten Lake， including species compositon， abundance and index of biological diversity were investigated. The results showed that water temperature， NH₃-N， total phosphorus and Chl.a in summer were extremely significantly higher than in spring， COD and electrical conductivity in summer were extremely significantly lower than in spring（P<0.01）. A total of 106 phytoplankton species and 50 zooplankton species were identified. Bacillariophyta was the highest number of phytoplankton（41）， followed by Chlorophyta（31）， Cyanophyta（27）， Pyrrophyta（3）， Cryptophyta（2）， Chrysophyta（2）. Rotifera was the highest number of zooplankton（20）， followed by Cladocera（17）， Copepoda（8）， Protozoa（5）. There were 5 dominant species of phytoplankton and 4 dominant species of zooplankton in summer， 3 dominant species of phytoplankton and 2 dominant species of zooplankton in spring. It was obvious change of dominant species of plankton in different seasons. The absolute dominant species of phytoplankton were Synedra sp.（Y=0.58）， Planktolyngbya subtilis（Y=0.15） and the absolute dominant species of zootoplankton were Polyarthra trigla（Y=0.32）， Keratella cochlearis（Y=0.18）， Anuraeopsis fissa（Y=0.14）. The absolute dominant species of phytoplankton was Dinobryon sp.（Y=0.75） and the absolute dominant species of zootoplankton were Bosmina longirostris（Y=0.48）， Polyphemus pediculus（Y=0.17） in spring. In summer， the average density（21.80×10⁶ cells/L） and average biomass （3.05mg/L） of phytoplankton were significantly higher than spring（0.023×10⁶ cells/L， 0.04 mg/L） （P<0.01）. The average density of zooplankton（105.75 ind./L） in summer was higher than spring（50.44 ind./L）， but the average biomass of zooplankton（0.87 mg/L） was higher than summer（0.16 mg/L）（P>0.05）. The average values of phytoplankton diversity indices of Shannon-wiener（H'）， Margalef（D） and Pielou（J） were 1.94， 0.45， 0.55 in summer and 1.35， 0.48， 0.46 in spring . The average values of zooplankton diversity indices of H'， D and J were 1.94， 0.45， 0.55 in summer and 1.35， 0.48， 0.46 in spring. In summer， the average of zooplankton diversity indices were significantly higher than spring （P<0.01）. There were no significant differences of phytoplankton diversity indices between summer and spring（P>0.05）. Water temperature plays an important role in the growth of phytoplankton， chl.a was an important factor affecting community structure of zooplankton in Bosten Lake. This study provides basic data and theoretical basis for the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and A. laticeps in the Bosten Lake.